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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the cause of disease appearance, diagnosis and treatment methods.

According to world statistics, the cardiovascular system disease is in the first place among all the causes of death.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases in the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke and ischemia.

Arterial hypertension is a continuous improvement in systolic blood pressure (above) above 140 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic (lower) above 90 mm Hg.Art.According to the proposal of the European Association for arterial hypertension and the European Cardiology Association, the arterial hypertension criteria of 135/85 mm Hg are adopted for pressure house measurement.Art.And above.

The main symptoms that accompany increased blood pressure include headaches, nausea, ears in the ears, fluttering, reduced visual acuity, irritation, sweating.

Sometimes increasing blood pressure can be symptomless.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

A variety of arterial hypertension

Before talking about increased blood pressure (blood pressure), it should be understood how stress should be normal.For everyone, the value of blood pressure is individual.However, there is a generally accepted blood pressure classification.

  • Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art, and diastolic blood pressure less than 80 mm Hg.Art. 
  • Normal, where the upper blood pressure value is from 120 to 129 and a lower value of 80 to 84 mm Hg.Art.
  • Normal high, where the upper blood pressure value is from 130 to 139 mm Hg in intervals.Art.And lower in intervals from 85 to 89 mm Hg.Art.

Arterial hypertension is divided by degrees, depending on the maximum value obtained when measuring pressure.

First systolic blood pressure 140-159 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg.Art.

2nd systolic blood pressure 160-179 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg.Art.

3rd systolic blood pressure 180 and more mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm Hg.Art.

Isolated arterial hypertension, when only systolic blood pressure increases by more than 140 mm Hg.ST, and diastolic remain in normal value.

The cause of blood pressure increases

It is believed that most patients with high stress suffer Predominant Arterial hypertension, developments that cannot be associated with certain reasons.This is an important artery hypertension, which is more common in age -related patients.

In other cases, when a certain source of pressure is lowered, meaning secondary Arterial hypertension.

Among the main reasons that lead to secondary artery hypertension, they distinguish:

  1. The kidneys and blood vessels.This pathology leads to a decrease in the intensity of blood flow to the kidneys and, as a result, to release the buds that contribute to increased blood pressure and compensation for affected kidney blood flow.Chronic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis - the disease can lead to the development of arterial hypertension.Among the blood vessels, narrowing (stenosis) of the kidney artery is most commonly observed, which can be congenital pathology or occurs with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 
    2. reduce blood flow due to atherosclerosis
  2. Different Endocrine disease leads to the development of arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, with thyrotoxicosis, increased thyroid hormone production, accompanied by the appearance of goiter (increased in the gland itself), increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, increased excitement and weight loss.With hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone products are reduced.Pathology is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and relaxation of cell relaxation of the blood vessels, leading to increased peripheral resistance of the blood vessels.This helps increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by increased diastolic blood pressure, pulse moisture, weakness and rapid fatigue.With pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland), the release of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases into the blood, leading to sharp jumps in blood pressure to very high values.Arterial hypertension is a frequent satellite of obesity.Fat tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active ingredients that affect the entire organism as a whole and, in particular, on vessels.Also, keep in mind that "additional" fabrics should also be blood supply, and this leads to additional burden on the cardiovascular system. 
  3. Different heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high arterial pressure.For example, koarctation aorta is a local narrowing of the aortic lumen, more frequent congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrows the ship. 
  4. Pregnancy (Preklampsia). 
  5. Arterial hypertension when taking some medication: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

Keep in mind the factors contributing to the development of arterial hypertension: hereditary tendency, prolonged nerve overstrain, frequent stress, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol and coffee abuse, the use of a lot of salt and fatty foods.

What is the disease of arterial hypertension?

Arterial hypertension is divided by degrees, depending on the maximum value obtained when measuring pressure.

We will show some of them.

  • Atherosclerosis, including the kidney artery. 
  • Kidney vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of renal vessels with tumors or organs). 
  • Chronic pyelonephritis. 
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
  • Chronic kidney disease. 
  • Thyroid disease (hypo- and hyperthyroidism). 
  • Disease and Izenko-Cushing Syndrome. 
  • Feochromocytoma. 
  • Hyperaldosteronism of the main.
  • Metabolic syndrome. 
  • Coarctation of the aorta. 
  • Preeclampsia.

What doctor will you contact when increasing blood pressure?

To identify the causes of increased stress, you should start contacting the therapist.The doctor will conduct the examination and prescribe the required amount of examination and consultation.Between them can:

  • Cardiologist; 
  • endocrinologists; 
  • neurologists; 
  • surgeon; 
  • Ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with increased blood pressure

First of all, home pressure control at home is needed by maintaining a diary, where all measurement of pressure on time, taking drugs and stress episodes should be improved, which can cause blood pressure increases.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first stage of the examination:

  • Clinical blood tests;
  • general urine analysis;
  • Biochemical blood tests (cholesterol control; lipoprotein is very low and high density to assess the risk of atherosclerosis, blood electrolytes - potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood glucose levels);
  • blood tests for glycated hemoglobin levels; 
  • Blood tests for hormone content (th4 - T4; triiodotyronine - T3; thyreotropic hormones - TSH; antibodies to thyroid -peroxidase; antibodies to thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental examination methods:

  • daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
  • Electrocardiographic study; 
  • echocardiography; 
  • Daily Holter Monitoring; 
  • Duplex brachiocephalous scanning, 
  • renal/iliac and lamp artery; 
  • Study of kidney ultrasound and adrenal glands; 
  • Study of the bottom of the eye.

The treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease, a development that depends on many factors, and therefore the first suggestion in high pressure correction is lifestyle changes.

First, they make changes to the diet: they limit the use of canned and finished products, sauce and mayonnaise, and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to the food.

The menu should include more fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be limited.

In front of excess weight and absence of contraindications, diet is used.Moderate physical meaning at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of vascular tone.

We cannot expect a quick impact on diet and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease, this action can play a positive role.

Depending on the level and level of the disease, drug therapy is prescribed.In clinical practice, several groups of drugs are used to treat arterial hypertension:

  • diuretics (diuretics); 
  • beta-blockers; 
  • Calcium canal antagonists; 
  • Enzyme angiotenzinzinoproding enzyme (IAC); 
  • Anatagonist receptor angiotensin II; 
  • Central medicine.

Depending on the cause of the development and course of the disease, as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes the individual treatment regimen.Therapy selected by the attending physician, continuous use of medication and lifestyle changes will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

Pressure should not be reduced quickly: in the first two hours when helping, blood pressure should decrease by 20% from the early high level.

When blood pressure increases moderate, but general well -being stable (no other symptoms), you should try to sleep or lie down with closed eyes.If after rest, the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take the medications recommended by the attending physician.

If increased blood pressure is accompanied by severe headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual disorders, pain, nausea or vomiting, it should cause ambulance.